Welcome to the Cornell Risk Communication Research Group (RCRG). The RCRG consists of faculty, students, staff and collaborators who conduct research in the areas of environmental, health, risk and science communication. Our collaborators include representatives from the Departments of Communication, Entomology, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and others.

 

RCRG Bibliography

This bibliography focuses on the public health aspects of risk communication, and includes articles related to: (1) general public health, (2) bioterrorism/anthrax, (3) smallpox, (4) SARS, (5) health communication and (6) health/risk decision-making.

Where available, a link to an article's 'parent journal' website will be provided.  If you AND/OR your institution/organization subscribes to the journal, then a full text version may be available.  Otherwise, only the abstract will be accessible, or nothing at all. In order to honor copyright laws, we cannot post the full text version of any article in this collection.


A     B     C     D     E     F     G     H     I     J     K     L     M     N     O     P     Q     R     S     T     U     V     W     X     Y     Z

A

Alaszekwski, A. (2005). Risk communication: Identifying the importance of social context. Health, Risk & Society, 7(2), 101-105.

Anderson, H.A., Hanarhan, L.P., Smith, A., Draheim, L., Kanarek, M., & Olsen, J.  (2004).  The role of sport-fish consumption advisories in mercury risk communication: A 1998-1999 12-state survey of women age 18-45.  Environmental Research, 95, 315-324.

Arguin, P.M., Navin, A.W., Stelle, S.F., Weld, L.H., & Kozarsky, P.E.  (2004).  Health communication during SARSEmerging Infectious Diseases, 10(2): 377-380.

Arvaii, J.L. (2003). Using risk communication to disclose the outcome of a participatory decision-making process: Effects of the perceived acceptability of risk-policy decisions. Risk Analysis, 23(2), 281-289.

B

Ball, L.K., Evans, G., & Bostrom, A. (1998). Risky business: Challenges in vaccine risk communication. Pediatrics, 101(3), 453-458.

Bar-Ilan, J., & Escherman, A. (2005). The anthrax scare and the web: A content analysis of web page linking to resources on anthrax. Scientometrics, 63(3), 443-462.

Barnett, D.J., Balicer, R.D., Blodgett, D.W., Everly, G.S., Omer, S.B., Parker, S.L., et al. (2005). Applying risk perception theory to public health workforce preparedness training.  Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 11(6), S33-S37.

Becker, S.  (2004).  Emergency communication and information issues in terrorist events involving radioactive materialsBiosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 2(3): 1-13.

Bellaby, P.  (2003).  Communication and miscommunication of risk: Understanding UK parents' attitudes to combined MMR vaccination.  British Medical Journal, 327, 725-725.

Bennett, P., & Calman, K.  (1999). Risk communication and public health.  Oxford (U.K): Oxford University Press.

Bier, V.M.  (2000).  On the state of the art: Risk communication to the publicReliability Engineering and System Safety, 71, 139-150.

Biocca, M.  (2005).  Risk communication and the precautionary principle.  Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 11, 261-265.

Blanchard, J.C., Haywood, Y., Stein, B.D., Tanielian, T.L., Stoto, M., & Lurie, N.  (2005).  In their own words: Lessons learned from those exposed to anthraxAmerican Journal of Public Health, 95(3), 489-495.

Blendon, R.J., Benson, J.M., Desroches, C.M., & Weldon, K.J.  (2003).  Using opinion surveys to track the public’s response to a bioterrorist attackJournal of Health Communication, 8, 83-92.

Boholm, A. (1998). Comparative studies of risk perception: Twenty years of research. Journal of Risk Research 1(2), 135–163.

Bostrom, A. & Lofstedt, R. (2003). Communicating risk: Wireless and hardwired. Risk Analysis, 23(2), 241-248.

Bresnitz, E. A., & DiFerdinando, G.T.  (2003).  Lessons from the anthrax attacks of 2001: The New Jersey experience.  Clinics in Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2(2) 227-252.

Burger, J., McDermott, M.H, Chess, C., BoChenek, E., Lugo, M.P., & Pflugh, K.K.  (2003).  Evaluating risk communication about fish consumption advisories: Efficacy of a brochure versus a classroom lesson in spanish and english.  Risk Analysis, 23(4), 791-801.

C

Campbell, R.G., & Babrow, A.S. (2004). The role of empathy in responses to persuasive risk communication: Overcoming resistance to HIV prevention messages. Journal of Health Communication, 16(2),  159-182.

Casani, J., Matuszak, D.L., & Benjamin, G.C.  (2003).  Under siege: One state’s perspective of the anthrax events of October/November 2001.  Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 1(1): 43-45.

Cava, M.A., Fay, K.E., Beanlands, H.J., McCay, E. A., & Wignall, R. (2005). Risk perception and compliance with quarantine during the SARS outbreak. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 37(4), 343-347.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Crisis and emergency risk communication.  Retrieved March 5, 2006, from http://www.nwcphp.org/riskcomm/bestpractices/resources/PocketGuide.pdf.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). Interim pre-pandemic planning guidance: Community strategy for pandemic influenze mitigation in the United States. Retrieved September 4, 2007, from http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/community/mitigation.html

Chess, C. (1990). How to communicate environmental risk. In Local Management of Chemical Risks (pp. 1-17). Center for Environmental Management: Tufts University.

Chess, C. (1998). Fearing fear: Communicating about agricultural biotechnology. AgBioForum, 1(1), 17-21.

Chess, C., Calia, J., & O’Neill, K.M.  (2004).  Communication triage: An anthrax case study.  Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 2(2), 106-111.

Clarke, C.E., & Chess, C.  (2005).  Risk communication at a major university: An anthrax case study.  In: Proceedings of the 28th Arctic Marine Oillspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar (pp. 1031-1041).  Calgary, Alberta, CA: Environment Canada.  (Contact us to obtain a hard copy).

Clarke, C.E. & Chess, C. (2006). False alarms, real challenges: One university's communication response to the fall 2001 anthrax crisis.  Biosecurity and Bioterrorism, 4(1), 74-83.

Clements, C.J. & Ratzan, S. (2003). Misled and confused? Telling the public about MMR vaccine safety. Journal of Medical Ethics, 29, 22-26.

Courtney, J., Cole, G., & Reynolds, B. (2003). How the CDC is meeting the training demands of emergency risk communication. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 128-129.

Covello, V.T., Peters, R.G., & McCallum, D.B. (1997). The determinants of trust and credibility in environmental risk communication.  Risk Analysis, 17(1), 43-54.

Covello, V.T., Peters, R.G., Wojtecki, J.G., & Hyde, R.C.  (2001).  Risk communication, the West Nile virus epidemic, and bioterrorism: Responding to the communication challenges posed by the intentional or unintentional release of a pathogen in an urban setting.  Journal of Urban Health, 78(2), 382-391.

Covello, V.T.  (2003).   Best practices in public health and crisis communication.  Journal of Health Communication, 8, 5-8.

Cresswell, T., & Foster, K. (2003). The deep end of effective risk communication: Experience of a local public health department in a complex and controversial environmental investigation. Epidemiology, 14(5), S131-S132.

Cvetkovich, G., Lofestedt, R.E. (1999).  Social trust: Consolidation and future advances.  In G. Cvetkovich & R.E. Lofstedt (Eds.), Social trust and the management of risk (pp. 153-167). London, UK: Earthscan.

D

Deisler, P.F. (2002). A perspective: Risk analysis as a tool for reducing the risk of terrorism. Risk Analysis, 22(3), 405-513.

DeSilva, M., Muskavitch, M.A.T., & Roche, J.P. (2004). Print media coverage of antibiotic resistance. Science Communication, 26(1), 31-43.

DiGiovanni, C., Reynolds, B., Harwell, R., Stonecipher, E.B., & Burkle, F.M.  (2003).  Community reaction to bioterrorism: Prospective study of a simulated outbreak.  Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9(6), 708-712.

Dittmann, S.  2001.  Vaccine safety: Risk communication - a global perspective.  Vaccine, 19, 2446-2456.

Drew, C.H., Grace, D.A., Silbernagel, S.M., Hemmings, E.S., Smith, A., Griffith, T.K., & Faustman, E.M.  (2003).  Nuclear waste transportation: Case studies of identifying stakeholder risk information needsEnvironmental Health Perspectives, 111(3), 263-272.

Driedger, S.M., & Eyles, J.  (2003).  Different frames, different fears: communicating about chlorinated drinking water and cancer in the Canadian media.  Social Science and Medicine, 56, 1279-1293.

E

Edwards, A., & Elwyn, G. (1999). How should effectiveness of risk communication to aid patients' decisions be judged?  A review of the literature. Medical Decision-Making, 19(4), 428-434.

F

Falk, M.C., Chassy, B.M., Harlander, S.K., Hoban, T.J., McGloughlin, M.N., & Akhlaghi, A.R.  (2002).  Food biotechnology: Benefits and concernsJournal of Nutrition, 132, 1384-1390.

Feldman, D.L., & Hanahan, R.A. (1996).  Public perceptions of a radioactively contaminated site: Concerns, remediation, preferences, and desired involvement.  Environmental Health Perspectives, 104(12), 1344-1352.

Fischhoff, B.  (1995).  Risk communication and perception unplugged: Twenty years of process.  Risk Analysis, 15(2), 137-145.

Fischhoff, B., & Downs, J.S.  (1997).  Communicating food borne disease riskEmerging Infectious Diseases, 3(4), 1-7.

Fischhoff, B., Gonzalez, R.M., Small, D.A., & Lerner, J.S.  (2003).  Evaluating the success of terror risk communications.  Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Bioterrorism Strategy, Practice and Science, 1(4), 255-258.

Foster, K., Pless-Mulloli, T., & Busch, J. (2003). Barriers to effective risk communication: Study of the role of a local public health department in a controversial environmental investigation. Epidemiology, 14(5), S132-S133.

Freimuth, V., Linnan, H.W., & Potter, P.  (2000).  Communicating the threat of emerging infections to the public.  Emerging Infectious Diseases, 6(4), 337-347.

Frewer, L.J., Miles, S., & Marsh, R. (2002). The media and genetically modified foods: Evidence in support of social amplification of risk. Risk Analysis, 22(4), 701-711.

Frewer, L.  (2004).  The public and effective risk communication.  Toxicology Letters, 149(1-3), 391-397.

G

Glass, T.A., & Schoch-Spana, M.  (2002). Bioterrorism and the public: How to vaccinate a city against panic.  Clinical Infectious Diseases, 34, 217-223.

Glick, D., Harrison, K., Davoudi, M., & Riopelle, D.  (2004).  Public perceptions and risk communications for botulismBiosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 2(3), 1-8.

Golan, K. (2003). Surviving a public health crisis: Tips for communicators. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 126-127.

Goldman, S.A. (2004). Communication of medical product risk. Drug Safety, 27(8), 519-534.

Gordon, J. (2003). Risk communication and foodborne illness: Message sponsorship and attempts to stimulate perception of risk. Risk Analysis, 23(6), 1287-1296.

Gore, T.D., & Bracken, C.C. (2005). Testing the theoretical design of a health risk message: Reexamining the major tenets of the extended parallel process model. Health Education and Behavior, 32(1), 27-41.

Gray, G.M., & Ropeik, D.P.  (2002).  Dealing with the dangers of fear: The role of risk communicationHealth Affairs, 21(6), 106-114.

Greenberg, M., & Wartenberg, D.  (1991).  Communicating to an alarmed community about cancer clusters: A fifty state survey.  Journal of Community Health, 16(2), 71-81.

Griffin, R.J., Dunwoody, S., & Neuwirth, K. (1999). Proposed model of the relationship of risk information seeking and processing to the development of preventive behaviors. Environmental Research, 80, S230-S245.

Griffin, R.J., Neuwirth, K., Giese, J., & Dunwoody, S. (2002). Linking the heuristic-systematic model and depth of processing. Communication Research, 29(6), 705-732.

Griffin, R.J., Neuwrith, K., Dunwoody, S., & Giese, J. (2004). Information sufficiency and risk communication. Media Psychology, 6, 23-61.

Gurabardhi, Z., Gutteling, J.M., & Kuttschreuter, M.  (2004).  The development of risk communication: An empirical analysis of the literature in the fieldScience Communication, 25(4): 323-349.

Gursky, E., & Inglesby, T.  (2003). Anthrax 2001: Observations on the medical and public health response. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 1(2), 97-110.

H

Hall, M.J., Norwood, A.E., Ursano, R.J., & Fullerton, C.S.  (2003).  The psychological impacts of bioterrorismBiosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 1(2): 139-144.

Henderson, D.A., O'Toole, T., Fine, A., & Layton, M.  (2001).  Lessons from the West Nile virus encephalitis outbreak in New York City, 1999: Implications for bioterrorism.  Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32(2), 277-282.

Henderson, J.N., Henderson, J.C., Raskob, G.E., & Boatright, D.T.  (2004).  Chemical (VX) terrorist threat: Public knowledge, attitudes, and responsesBiosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 2(3), 1-5.

Hobbs, J., Kittler, A., Fox, S., Middleton, B., & Bates, D.W.  (2004).  Communicating health information to an alarmed public facing a threat such as bioterrorist attack.  Journal of Health Communication, 9(1), 67-75.

Hyams, K.C., Murphy, F.M., & Wessely, S.  (2002).  Responding to chemical, biological and nuclear terrorism: The indirect and long-term health effects may present the greatest challengeJournal of Health Politics, 27(2), 273-291.
I

J

Jamison, W.  (2005).  Risk Communication.  A Module of the 40-Hour Bioterrorism and Emergency Preparedness Training Certificate Program, organized by Rutgers University and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ).  Contact us to obtain a copy.

Jardine, C.G.  (2003).  Development of a public participation and communication protocol for establishing fish consumption advisoriesRisk Analysis, 23(3), 461-471.

Johnson, B. B., & Chess, C.  (1998).  Communicating worst-case scenarios: Neighbors’ views of industrial management.  Risk Analysis, 23(4), 829-839.

Johnson, B.B.  (2003).  Communicating air quality information: Experimental evaluation of alternative formats.  Risk Analysis, 23(1), 91-103.

Johnson, B.B., & Chess, C. (2003). How reassuring are risk comparisons to pollution standards and emission limits? Risk Analysis, 23(5), 999-1007.

Johnson, B.B. (2005). Testing and expanding a model of cognitive processing of risk information. Risk Analysis, 25(3), 631-650.

K

Kahlor, L., Dunwoody, S., Griffin, R.J., Neuwirth, K., & Giese, J. (2003). Studying heuristic-systematic processing of risk communication. Risk Analysis, 23(2), 355-368.

Kahlor, L., Dunwoody, S., Griffin, R.J., & Neuwirth, K. (2006). Seeking and processing information about impersonal risk. Science Communication, 28(2), 163-194.

Kasperson, R.E. (1992). The social amplification of risk: Progress in developing an integrative framework. In Krimsky, S. & D. Colding (Eds.), Social Theories of Risk (pp. 153-178). Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.

Keane, M.T., Watler, M.V., Patel, B.I., Moorthy, S., Stevens, R.B., Bradley, K.M., Buford, J.F., Anderson, E.L., Anderson, L.P., Tibbals, K., & Vernon, T.M.  (2005).  Confidence in vaccination - a parental model.  Vaccine, 23, 2486-2493.

Klauenberg, B.J., & Vermulen, E.K.  (1994).  Role for risk communication in closing military waste sites.  Risk Analysis, 14(3), 351-355.

Koplan, J. (2003).  Communication during public health emergencies. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 144-145.

L

Leask, J., & Chapman, S. (2002). “The cold hard facts” immunization and vaccine preventable diseases in Australia’s newsprint media 1993-1998. Social Science & Medicine, 54, 445-457.

Leask, J.  (2002).  Vaccination and risk communication: Summary of a workshop, Arlington Virginia, USA, 5-6 October 2000.  Journal of Pediatric Child Health, 38, 124-128.

Leavitt, J. (2003). Public resistance or cooperation? A tale of smallpox in two cities. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 1(3), 185-192.

Leiss, W.  (2004).  Effective risk communication practice.  Toxicology Letters, 149(1-3), 399-404.

Loewenstein, G.F., Weber, E.U., Hsee, C.K., & Welch, N. (2001).  Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267-286.

Lyman, F. (2005, Winter). Anatomy of the 9/11 risk communication fiasco. Retrieved November 17th 2005, from http://www.sej.org/pub/index2.htm.

M

Marshall, K.M., Begier, E.M., Griffith, K.S., Adams, M.L., & Hadler, J.L. (2005). A population survey of smallpox knowledge, perceptions, and healthcare-seeking behaviors surrounding the Iraq invasion – Connecticut 2002-03. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism, 3(3), 246-255.

Maunder, R. (2004). The experiences of the 2003 SARS outbreak as a traumatic stress among frontline health workers in Toronto: Lessons learned. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 359(1447), 1117-1125.

May, T. (2005). Public communication, risk perception and the viability of preventive vaccination against communicable diseases. Bioethics, 19(4), 407-421.

Maxwell, T.A.  (2003).  The public need to know: emergencies, government organizations, and public information policies.  Government Information Quarterly, 20: 233-258.

Mebane, F., Temin, S., & Parvanta, C.F. (2003). Communicating anthrax in 2001: A comparison of CDC information and print media accounts. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 50-82.

Metzger, M.J., Flanagin, A.J., Eyal, K., Lemus, D.R., & McCann, R.M. (2003).  Credibility in the 21st century: Integrating perspectives on source, message and media credibility in the contemporary media environment.  Communication Yearbook, 27, 293-335.

McCally, M., Garg, A., & Oleskey, C.  (2001). The challenges of emerging illness in urban environments: An overview. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 78(2), 350-358.  (Note: journal is no longer published).

McCay, D.L., Berkowitz, J.M., Blumberg, J.B. & Goldberg, J.P.  (2004). Communicating cardiovascular disease risk due to elevated homocysteine levels: Using the EPPM to develop print materials.  Health Education & Behavior, 31(3), 355-371.

McComas, K.A. (2006).  Defining moments in risk communication research: 1996-2005. Journal of Health Communication, 11, 75-91.

M'Ikanahta, N.M., Lautenbach, E., Kunselman, A.R., Julian, K.G., Southwell, B.G., Allswede, M., Rankin, J.T., & Aber., R.C.  (2003).  Sources of bioterrorism information among emergency physicians during the 2001 anthrax outbreak.  Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 1(4),
259-265.

Mileti, D.S., & Peek, L.  (2000).  The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accidentJournal of Hazardous Materials, 75, 181-194.

Miller, M., & Solomon, G.  (2003).  Environmental risk communication for the clinician.  Pediatrics, 112(1), 211-217.

Morgan, M. G., Fischhoff, B., Bostrom, A., & Atman, C.J.  (2002).  Risk communication: A mental models approach.  Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Mullin, S.  (2003a). New York City's communication trials by fire, from West Nile to SARS. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 1(4), 267-272.

Mullin, S. (2003b). The anthrax attacks in New York City: The "Giuliani press conference model" and other communication strategies that helped. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 15-16.

N

Nabi, R.L. (2003). Exploring the framing effects of emotion. Communication Research, 30(2), 224-247.

Neuwirth, K., Dunwoody, S., & Griffin, R.J. (2000). Protection motivation and risk communication. Risk Analysis, 20(5), 721-734.

North, C.S., Pollio, D.E., Pfefferbaum, B., Megivern, D., Vythilingam, M., Westerhaus, E.T., et al. (2005).  Concerns of Capitol Hill staff workers after bioterrorism: Focus group discussions of authorities’ response. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(8), 523-527.

O

P

Parker, R.M., & Gazmararian, J.A. (2003). Health literacy: Essential for health communication.  Journal of Health Communication, 8, 116-118.

Paulson, G., & Scott, C.M.  2004.  Local needs and preparedness for WMD incidents: The current U.S. picture.  In: Proceedings of the 28th Arctic Marine Oillspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar (pp. 623-634).  Alberta, CA: Environment Canada.  (Contact us to obtain a hard copy).

Payne, J.G., & Schulte, S.K. (2003). Mass media, public health and achieving health literacy.  Journal of Health Communication, 8, 124-125.

Payne-Sturges, D.C., Schwab, M., & Buckley, T.J.  (2004).  Closing the research loop: A risk-based approach for communicating results of air pollution exposure studies.  Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(1), 28-34.

Petts, J., & Niemeyer, S.  (2004).  Health risk communication and amplification: Learning from the MMR vaccination controversy.  Health, Risk & Society, 6(1), 7-23.

Petty, R., & Cacioppo, J.  (1981).  Epilog: A general framework for understanding attitude change.  Attitudes and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approaches, (pp. 255-270). Boulder: Westview Press.

Pollard, W.E. (2003). Public perceptions of information sources concerning bioterrorism before and after the anthrax attacks.  Journal of Health Communication, 8, 148-151.

Powell, D., & Leiss, W.  (1997).  Mad cows and mother's milk: The perils of poor risk communication.  Ontario, CA: McGill-Queens University Press.

Prue, C., Lackey, C., Swenarski, L., & Gantt, J.M. (2003). Communication monitoring: Shaping CDC's emergency risk communication efforts. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 35-49.

Q

Quinn, S.C., Thomas, T., & McAllister, C. (2005). Postal workers’ perceptions on communication during the anthrax attacks. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism, 3(3), 207-215.

R

Rainham, D.  2002.  Risk communication and public response to industrial chemical contamination in Sydney, Nova Scotia: A case study.  Journal of Environmental Health, 65(5), 26-32.  (Posted, with permission, from the Journal of Environmental Health, a publication of the National Environmental Health Association [http://www.neha.org/]. Copyright 2002).

Ratzan, S.C. (2007). Time for a routine immunization communication effort. Journal of Health Communication, 11, 547-549.

Renn, O. (1998). Three decades of risk research: Accomplishments and new challengesJournal of Risk Research, 1(1), 49-71.

Renn, O.  (2004).  Perception of risks. Toxicology Letters, 149(1-3), 405-413.

Rimal, R.N. & Real, K. (2003). Perceived risk and efficacy beliefs as motivators for change: Use of the risk perception attitude (RPA) framework to understand health behaviors. Human Communication Research, 29(3), 370-399.

Roberto, A.J., Meyer, G., Johnson, A.J. & Atkin, A.K. (2000).  Using the extended parallel process model to prevent firearm injury and death: Field experiment results of a video-based intervention. Journal of Communication, 50, 157-175.

Robinson, S., & Newstetter, W.C. (2003). Uncertain science and certain deadlines: CDC responses to the media during the anthrax attacks of 2001. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 17-34.

Roche, J.P., & Muskavitch, M.A.  (2003).  Limited precision in print media communication of West Nile virus risk.  Science Communication, 24(3), 353-365.

Rohr, A., Luddecke, K., Drusch, S., Muller, M.J., & Alvensleben, R.V. (2005). Food quality and drug safety - consumer perception and public health concern.  Food Control, 16, 649-655.

Rowan, F.  (1996).  The high stakes of risk communication.  Preventive Medicine, 25(1), 26-29.

Rudd, R., Comings, J.P., & Hyde, J.N.  (2003).  Leave no one behind: Improving health and risk communication through attention to literacy. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 101-115.

S

Sadique, M.Z., Edmunds, W.J., Smith, R.D., Meerding, W.J., Zwart, O.D., Brug, J., et al. (2007). Precautionary behavior in response to a perceived threat of pandemic influenza. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(9), 1-15.

Sandman, P. (2003). Bioterrorism risk communication policy. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 146-147.

Scherer, C., McComas, K., Juanillo, N., & Pelstring, L. (1999). Promoting informed decision-making: The role of message structure. Risk: Health, Safety & Environment, 10, 209-220.

Scherer, C., & Cho, H. (2003). A social network contagion theory of risk perception. Risk Analysis, 23(2), 261-267.

Scheufele, D.A. (2000). Agenda-setting, priming, and framing revisited: Another look at cognitive effects of political communication. Mass Communication & Society, 3, 297-316.

Schoch-Spana, M.  (2000).  Implications of pandemic influenza for bioterrorism response.  Clinical Infectious Diseases, 31, 1409-1413.

Schoch-Spana, M., & the Working Group on “Governance Dilemmas” in Bioterrorism Response.  (2004).  Leading during biotattacks and epidemics with the public’s trust and help.  Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 2(1), 25-40, 2004.

Shore, D.  (2003). Communicating in times of uncertainty: The need for trust. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 13-14.

Slovic, P. (1986). Informing and educating the public about risk.  Risk Analysis, 6(4), 403-415.

Slovic, P.  (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236, 280-285.

Sorensen, J.  (2004).  Commentary: Risk communication and terrorism.  Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 2(3): 1-3.

Streefland, P., Chowdhury, A.M.R., & Ramos-Jimenez, P. (1999). Patterns of vaccine acceptance. Social Science and Medicine, 49, 1705-1716.

Streefland, P.H. (2001). Public doubts about vaccination and resistance against vaccination. Health Policy, 55, 159-172.

Stein, B.D., Tanielian, T.L., Ryan, G.W., Rhodes, H.J., Young, S.D., & Blanchard, J.C. (2004). A bitter pill to swallow: Nonadherence with prophylactic antibiotics during the anthrax attacks and the role of private physicians. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism, 2(3), 175-185.

Stryker, J.E., Solky, B.A., & Emmons, K.M. (2005). A content analysis of news coverage of skin cancer prevention and detection, 1979 to 2003.  Archives of Dermatology, 141, 491-496.

T

Taylor, H.A., & Faden, R.R.  (2003).  Ethical considerations in the formation of smallpox vaccine policy. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 1(1), 47-52.

Taylor-Clark, K., Blendon, R.J., Zaslavsky, A., & Benson, J. (2005). Confidence in crisis? Understanding trust in government and public attitudes towards mandatory state health powers. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism, 3(2), 138-147.

Tengelsen, L., Hudson, R., Barnes, S., & Hahn, C. (2002). Coordinated response to reports of possible anthrax contamination, Idaho, 2001. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8(10), 1093-1095.

Tinker, T.L., Collins, C.M., King, H.S., & Hoover, M.D.  (2000).  Assessing risk communication effectiveness: perspectives of agency practitioners.  Journal of Hazardous Materials, 73(2), 117-127.

Titchener, G.D., & Sapp, S.G.  (2002).  A comparison of two approaches to understanding consumer opinions of biotechnologySocial Behavior and Personality, 30(4), 373-382.

Trautman, T.D.  (2001).  Risk communication – The perceptions and realitiesFood Additives and Contaminants, 18(12), 1130-1134.

Trumbo, C.W. (1999). Heuristic-systematic information processing and risk judgmentRisk Analysis, 19(3), 391-400.

Trumbo, C.W. (2002). Information processing and risk perception: An adaptation of the heuristic-systematic model. Journal of Communication, 52, 367-382.

Trumbo, C.W., & McComas, K.A. (2003). The function of credibility in information processing for risk perception. Risk Analysis, 23(2), 343-353.

Tuler, S., Webler, T., & Finson, R. (2005). Competing perspectives on public involvement: Planning for risk characterization and risk communication about radiological contamination from a national laboratory. Health, Risk & Society, 7(3), 247-266.

U

United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2002). Communicating in a crisis: Risk communication guidelines for public officials. Washington, D.C.: Department of Health and Human Services.

United States Government Accountability Office.  (2003, April).  U.S. Postal Service: Better guidance is needed to improve communication should anthrax contamination occur in the future.  Retrieved May 31st 2006, from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03316.pdf

United States Government Accountability Office.  (2003, October 23rd).  Clear communication with employees needed before reopening the Brentwood facility.  Retrieved May 31st 2006, from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04205t.pdf.

United States Government Accountability Office.  (2004).  Homeland security: Communication protocols and risk communication principles can assist in refining the advisory system.  Report to Congressional Requesters.  Retrieved May 31st 2006, from http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d04682high.pdf

V

Vanderford, M.  (2003). Communication lessons learned in the Emergency Operations Center during CDC's anthrax response: A commentary. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 11-12.

Vanderford, M.  (2004).  Breaking new ground in WMD risk communication: The pre-event message development project.  Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 2(3), 193-194.

W

Weinstein, N.D. (1987). Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: Conclusions from a community-wide sample. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 481-498.

Weinstein, N.D. (1999a). Accuracy of smokers’ risk perceptions. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 1(1), S123-S130.

Weinstein, N.D.  (1999b).  What does it mean to understand a risk? Evaluating risk comprehensionJournal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs, 25, 15-20.

Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59, 329-349.

Witte, K. (1994). Generating effective risk messages: How scary should your risk communication be? Communication Yearbook, 18, pp. 229-254.

Witte, K. (1997). Preventing teen pregnancy through persuasive communications: Realities, myths, and the hard-face truths. Journal of Community Health, 22(2), 137-154.

Witte, K., Cameron, K.A., Lapinski, M.K. & Nzyuko, S. (1998). A theoretically based evaluation of HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns along the Trans-Africa Highway in Kenya. Journal of Health Communication, 3, 345-363.

Witte, K., Meyer, G., & Martell, D. (2001). Effective health risk messages: A step-by-step guide. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishing.

Wray, R. and Jupka, K. (2004). What does the public want to know in the event of a terrorist attack using plagueBiosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science, 2(3): 208-215.

X

Y

Z

Zarcadoolas, C., Pleasant, A., & Greet, D.S.  (2003).  Elaborating a definition of health literacy: A commentary.  Journal of Health Communication, 8: 119-120.